问题段。一个研究报告首先需要的段落是对与被关注的研究项目联系在一起的问题陈述。这个段落需要对研究者已经着手回答的基本问题的确切陈述。在这个同样的段落里，会有一个解释，即问题的社会的、经济的、医疗的、心理的或教育等等方面的意义解释。换句话说，为什么调查是值得进行。所以，如果我们开始了，例如，回答问题："周期的快餐消费对于美国的少年人健康有什么影响？"我们必须解释这个问题被认为对人口中这个年龄段人的健康有意义，而且应该推导出一些关于食品的规律。
A frequent subsection of this problem section is a review of past research on the topic being investigated. This would consist of summaries of the contributions of previous researchers to the question under consideration with some assessment of the value of these contributions. This subsection has rhetorical usefulness in that it enhances the credibility of the researcher by indication that the data presented is based on a thorough knowledge of what has been done in the field and, possibly, grows out of some investigative tradition.
这个问题段的一种经常的分段是一个关于被调查话题过去研究的回顾。这将由以前的研究者对于这个问题贡献的概要所组成，并附有这些贡献的价值的一些评估。这个分段有修辞上的用途，它通过指出被提及的资料建立在一个已经具有广泛知识的领域基础上，加强了研究者的可信性。这个领域已经做过调查，而且这些知识可能由一些调查的传统产生。
Procedures Section. The second major section of the research report details, with as much data as possible, exactly how the study was carried out. This section includes description of any necessary equipment, how the subjects were selected if subjects were used, what statistical technique was used to evaluate the significance of the findings, how many observations were made and when, etc. An investigation of the relative effectiveness of various swim-strokes would have to detail the number of swimmers, the weather conditions at the time of the tests, and any other factors that contributed to the overall experiment. The goal of the procedures section is to allow the reader to duplicate the experiment if such were desired to confirm, or refute, your findings.
程序段。研究报告的第二个主要段落详尽，带着尽可能多的资料，指出这项研究是怎样确切地进行。这个段包括任何必需设备的描述，如果项目被使用这个项目是怎样被选中的，什么样的统计技术被使用来评估这个发现的意义，做了多少观察，在什么时候观察的，等等。一个各种游泳的相对有效性的调查会有详细的游泳者的数字、测试时天气的状况以及任何其他参与实验的所有因素。程序段的目的是允许读者复制这个实验，如果你的发现期待肯定或者反驳的话。
Results Section. The third, and perhaps most important, section of the research report is the presentation of the results obtained from the investigation. The basic rule in this section is to give all data relevant to the research question initially asked. Although, of course, one's natural tendency might be to suppress any findings which do not in some way support one's hypothesis, such dishonesty is antithetical to good research reporting in any field. If the experiments undertaken fail to prove anything, if the data was inadequate or contrary to expectations, the report should be honestly written and as complete as possible, just as it would be if the hypothesis were totally proven by the research.
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编辑：玲玲 作者：本站整理 时间：2007-7-11 9:14:49 来自：
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